Econs Tut

The policies directed at the capital account could include interest rate policy, action policy (related to Foreign Direct Investments) and complementary infrastructure and Other supply side policies such as employer CAP levels. To manipulate current account, the government by and large does not use protectionism except for domestic service sectors, such as banking, fiscal policy due to small multiplier and does not aggressively undervalue currency because of fears of imported inflation.For the capital account, since we have elected to choose exchange rates and free capital movements as our two choices, it does not use interest rate and UAPITA controls. Singapore does not want to scare away Foreign Direct Investments by implementing controls. Singapore mainly relies on supply side policies as the government tends to be more far-sighted and focuses on returns on the long run. The Balance of Payments will be analyzed as such.Even in crisis periods such as early 2009, Singapore does not react much with exchange rate changes but instead encouraging foreign and few domestic firms to remain in Singapore by offering lower wage (and subsidizing for the lowest wage) and better tax areas. The opinion is that sudden exchange rate changes are inflationary and destabilize. Therefore, the typical exchange rate policy has been one of the slow and steady appreciate of the Singapore dollar in line with gradual improvement in performance of the current account.The underlying policy behind the improved current account performance and how the exchange rate strengthened Balance of Payments come from the following. If rusty, Singapore develops current account in areas of higher value added to AP into growing world of incomes and to avoid goods where prices are volatile, such as those primary products exported by many developing countries. Also, Singapore constantly aims to raise value added to stay ahead of other countries which are building their current account.This involves increa sing expenditure on human capital and strategic alliances with firms that can make use of such labor by offering supply side support. Critic: Employer's CAP, Wage Flexibility, PR Protection, Physical infrastructure improvement, corporate tax regimes, manpower development There is not much to change because Singapore has one of the strongest current accounts in the world.

The Franks

The Franks is about a group of loosely related Germanic ‘barbarian' tribes that from the third to eighth centuries CE would occupy, and eventually conquer and settle most of the Western Roman province of Gaul which would later come to be known as France, or â€Å"Frankland†. The Franks are portrayed in this documentary as a ‘plague' to Rome, but one group the Salians to the north of the Rhine River, were actually quite assimilated to Roman Culture and even ided as a buffer between Rome and other invading Barbarians.The Franks were first recognized as an â€Å"auxiliary' people by the Romans during the reign of Merovech whom is best remembered for being the first leader of the Salian Franks and the original founder of the royal line. His triumph over the Huns to the west and their neighboring barbarians, the Ostrogoths at Chalons, Gaul in 451 CE recognized his great power, and also paved the way for his son Childeric l. Childeric established ajor territorial conque st during his reign, triumphing over the invading Visigoths to the south, and the Saxons to the southwest in aid to the Romans.His role as a Barbarian ally to the Romans played an important role in The Franks further expanse into Gaul. Childeric continued to rein for twenty-four years until his death in 481 CE, at which time his son Clovis I took control. Clovis I was regarded as the most influential ruler of the Salians, and the â€Å"real† founder of the Merovingian Dynasty; the ame of which was derived from his grandfather Merovech.Clovis was a Pagan like many Franks were at his time, but is allegedly known for having converted to Orthodox (Catholic) Christianity to gain the politic support of the Gallo-Romans (Christians), though it may be argued his wife was the reason for his conversion. Clovis was considered ‘ruthless' in his tactics to gain complete control of Gaul by murdering every potential rival Frankish leader, even those in his own family.This omination in bloodshed across Gaul is what gives the Frankish people their true identity reinventing them not as barbarians, but as The Franks. Gaul becomes known as Frankia, and later France, and the legacy of a people and their Dynasty which will last for nearly two-hundred years setting the framework for Western Europe.

18th Century Spanish America and Race

18th Century Spanish America and Race Assess the role of the State of Spanish America in the formation of ideas about human differences prior to the 18th century. The formation of ideas about human difference has been contingent upon both fluid and persistent socio-political, historical and economic forces since globalisation arguably began with the age of discovery in the 1400’s, arguably spear-headed by the Spanish empire. This is perhaps most perceptible in the key signifiers of human social distinction. Concepts such as ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ appear to be static, objective human categorisations; yet, when subjected to a process of historical and geo-political scrutiny, each proves to be a subjective and poignant signifier, even a product of a process of social and historical construction and part of the production of knowledge. [1] The historical phenomenon of the Spanish State serves as an exemplar to demonstrate a convergence of ideological paradigms which shaped notions of human difference, underscoring this central contention that ideas of human difference are generated within a specific historical milieu, often involving the confrontation of two or more ethno-cultural groups. It is crucial to acknowledge that Spain’s dominance of Africa from the 15 th century and parallel conquest of Latin America was enacted with the conscious and unconscious appropriation of Eurocentric ideals which emphasised European supremacy and assumed European cultural, theological and economic superiority over Amerindians. The seeds of such national superiority have been traced to Biblical delineations of difference, [2] with its demarcation of blessed and cursed progeny, reinforced historically by medieval theological thought which associated blackness with the devil and sin, while whiteness was aligned with purity and righteousness. The widely accepted European medieval theory of ‘monogenism’, derived from the Biblical teaching of a common ancestry and fam ily tree concept of origins, gave impetus to the Spanish State’s self identity. [3] This widely accepted view within medieval Europe has been largely discredited in more recent centuries, dismissing the notion of a common human genesis. [4] The Iberian Peninsula had left a potent legacy and precedent at the conclusion of the medieval period, with Spain’s stark delineation and unyielding destruction of human difference. The pronounced ethnic diversity on the peninsula in the form of Jewish and Muslim migrants from throughout Europe, the Middle East and Northern Africa, exacted a Spanish definition which underlined difference rather than similarity, and in fixating upon difference, brought the reflex action of the decimation of such diversity, through a systematic, historic and prolonged practice of massacre, segregation, conversion, inquisition and expulsion. [5] Such unenlightened, barbaric and medieval practices, one may argue, left their mark on the Spanish psyche, readily appropriated by the American Spanish state, as it imported and imposed its imperialistic, paternalistic and sanctimonious practices, upon a rich diversity of Amerindian ethnic societies. This precursor to the Spanish American state illuminates the historical consciousness of the earlier Spanish rule in Europe, revealing the cultural hegemonic assumptions and practices the Spanish state appropriated from its 14 th and 15 th century European roots. [6] The early 20 th century pejorative branding of pre-eighteenth century Spain as the ‘black legend’ evokes â€Å"Spain’s colonial brutality in the Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.† [7] Ironically, Spain drew condemnation from other European nations for such action, deemed to be an ignorant, superstitious and fanatical nation, incapable of entering modernity. [8] Spain’s European condemners had been equally culpable in sub-Saharan Africa, in stimulating the African sl ave trade. By casting Spain as the antithetical demon, England, France and northern Europe masked their own international sins in the process. This brief observation illustrates one process that shaped human ideas about human difference, namely, intra-cultural ignorance and an insular societal gaze which repeatedly reinforced the values, practices and beliefs of Spain’s own cultural epicentre, and in the process, defined other ethnicities by their differences and their otherness. Moreover, the Spanish American state constructed a false social hierarchy based upon religious assumptions which condemned humans living a more unencumbered and simple existence initially beyond the grasp of modern commerce and technological innovation.

Choose one of the 19th century historical figures of the American Research Paper

Choose one of the 19th century historical figures of the American Civil War - Research Paper Example Harriet Beecher Stowe stated clearly that she believed that the horrors that were experienced during the American Civil War were defined by a type of justice that was afflicted upon those who had owned slaves the same kind of terrible conditions that slaves had suffered under their master’s ownership. The condition of legalized slavery was intolerable to Stowe who wrote about her point of view on the subject in her book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The work was used to ignite a passion for the abolitionist movement, a source for relating to the inhumane treatment that was experienced by those who were subjected to the slavery of the South. Stowe came out of obscurity to write a story that could provide a framework for the slavery experience, a tale that expressed to the Caucasian public a point of view that had not been considered by many. Through the power of her beliefs about the wrong of slavery, Stowe participated in motivating the public into action against the terrible cond itions that had allowed one culture to put another into ownership and slavery. Stowe was born on June 11, 1811 and died on July 1 1896 having written her seminal work, Uncle Tom’s Cabin and published it after she turned 40 in the year 1851. She was born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher and was the daughter of a famous minister, Lyman Beecher with her sister being growing to be a famous educator, Catherine Beecher. She married Calvin Stowe in 1836 and bore seven children, one of which died at a very young age from cholera (Claire Parfait, The Publishing History of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 7-8). Stowe was originally a teacher, writing her first book which was a text book, Primary Geography for Children, in 1833. She became part of a writing group, Semi-Colon, in Cincinnati and used the forum to submit her writings in order to improve her skills. In 1834 her work began to appear in a Cincinnatti weekly paper called Chronicle. She also wrote for the Western Monthly and The Evangelist, a religious magazine out of New York. While she wrote because she loved the experience of writing, she made a small income that supplemented that of her husbands. When in 1837 her husband’s salary was cut due to a financial crisis, she began to work to increase her income through devoting herself to becoming a professional writer (Parfait, The Publishing History, 9).

Implication of planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implication of planning - Essay Example ill Neighborhood Association, can bring the suit, for the claim or action that the decision by the City Council to rezone land that was previously zoned for single-family development on three-acre lots is invalid since the are no conditions or changes in conditions in the surrounding area warranting it. They should argue that the subject land was suitable as had been previously owned. They must try and convince the court in their application that the rezoning by the City Council somehow do not have any substantial bearing or relationship to safety, general welfare, public health, morals or preserve and protect cultural and cultural areas and places. Additionally, the Willow Hill Neighborhood Association needs to convince the court that the decision to rezone by the City Council severely affect to a large extent upon surrounding lands, by arguing and asserting that, the rezoning is in a way inconsistent with the zoning in the neighboring lands. It would be worth if The Willow Hill Nei ghborhood Association, in addition, argues that, the rezoning may result in substantial detriment to the neighboring lands (Mandelker). As mentioned earlier, The Willow Hill Neighborhood Association, should claim for the action that the City Council acted arbitrarily in making the decision to rezone. It is worth mentioning that, action or decision by the City Council, which should be considered as spot zoning, is a preferential action that in some sense defeats the already existing comprehensive plan. If and when the Willow Hill Neighborhood Association win the suit against the City Council for rezoning one edge and across the street of the previously existing Ordinance that designated the land for single-family development on three-acre lots, to a multifamily residential development, they are likely to get a relief such as the court issuing a judgment declaring the decision of the City Council as constituting a spot zoning this is not in any way warranted by any conditional

Research Topics with Explanation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Topics with Explanation - Assignment Example uld be changed to factor in the changes that have occurred over the past two decades since the law was passed to meet the needs of employees (Glynn, 2013). As such, the appropriate audiences that are targeted by this discussion are the employees, the employers and the legislatures who are responsible for making the laws. Certainly, although Americans workers have benefited from the law, it should be changed to incorporate the changes that have occurred in the past years since the signing of the act into law as will be demonstrated in the paper. The issue of tax has often been characterized by the strong debate. In 2012, President Obama proposed that the tax rate on earnings above $250,000 be raised (McArdle, 2012). Accordingly, I have chosen this topic because the tax is an issue that is of great concern to all American workers. Whenever a tax is raised or reduced, it affects Americans workers directly, thus a need to understand the effects of any changes in the tax proposal (Kasprak, 2012). This discussion will be addressed to the stakeholders who are impacted with the tax proposals, including the American middle class, lawmakers and the public at large. Accordingly, the paper will analyze the impacts that raising the tax on earning above $250,000 will have on the Americans who earn above this amount and its overall effect on the U.S. economy. According to American law, a criminal defendant can only be convicted of an offense when all the jurors agree and vote guilty as charged (Mackenzie, 2013). This ruling was handed by the Supreme Court in 1972 in which the court found that the 6th Amendment requires that unanimity in the countries federal courts (Jones, 2010). However, I found this topic interesting to study because it highlights the controversy between the federal and state courts since some state courts do not require unanimity in a criminal conviction. Therefore, studying this topic can be of value to the state and federal courts, the convicts, and the

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Case Study

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - Case Study Example They went to court based on the principle in the Fourteenth Amendment that offered equal protection to all American citizens (Patterson, 2002). In many prior instances, the court denied relief on the ground of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson resulted in a ruling that offered for separation of whites and blacks in the public sphere while offering equal facilities and opportunities to all. In Brown v. Topeka, the plaintiffs argued against the principle of segregated and equal protection. They argued that the segregation of schools could never allow for any equality and reduced the protection due to one group of people. The legal issues in the case of Brown v. Board of Education were with regard to the rights of all people as provided for all people under the 14th Amendment. Another legal issue under the determination of the court was whether the principles of Plessy v. Ferguson are applicable to Brown v. Board of Education. The Fourteenth Amendment asserts that all persons are under the equal protection of the law (Sitkoff, 2008). This amendment effectively entails that, all persons in the United States regardless of color, race or creed, deserve equality of protection and privilege in all aspects of American public life. The intention of the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson was to legalize segregation in public transport. The issue of equality arises in that; provision of equality may be possible in public transport. In the realm of education, it would be hard to maintain equality since it is inevitable that skewed funding would occur against some of the segregated schools. Another aspect of the US Co nstitution is that it provided freedom of choice to any person to make use of any public facilities and institutions of their choice. The application of the rule in Plessy v.  Ferguson was erroneous in that it restricts access to any American to public facilities based on skin color (Miller, 2004).

Are organizations rational Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Are organizations rational - Assignment Example ncy and reliability of the system (Miller, 2012).  The desire to achieve efficiency forms the major part of rationality and organisation is considered as a mechanism where different parts are used to achieve the desired results. Since managers work towards achieving the best results, rationality is based on the efficiency of systems to achieve the desired outcome. This paper attempts to reveal how organisations show rationality in the decisions that are made in management level and the rationality of organisation through its independence and formation. Rational system involves two main elements that include goal specificity and formalisation. Rationality in organisations is related to formalisation of activities and decisions that form the daily systems of the organisation. This means that the organisation behaviour is shaped by standardisation and regulation of all activities in the organisation to achieve efficiency (Sapru, 2011). Through formalisation, stable expectations in production and results acts as the main focus of the company and this is one of the preconditions of rationality. An organisation offers an environment where employees are expected to perform to achieve certain goals and objectives of the company through a formal system thus resulting to rationality. It is therefore important to note that many organisations are rational owing to the fact that they operate with an objective to achieve desired results through formalised principles that are not based on emotions or superstitious beliefs (Catino, 2013).   Goal specificity involves the fact that organisations are formed for a specific objective or goal. Organisations focus on certain goals as their main purpose of operation. Specific goals are used as equipment for supporting rational behaviour in an organisation where they provide guidelines on the structural design, and this points on what specific tasks need to be carried out to ensure great performance and how to allocate resources to

Honky Tonk Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Honky Tonk Music - Essay Example The Honky Tonk music was loud music coupled with strong dance beats and electrification of instruments. It represented the fact that live in the country was changing and people were adapting a honky tonk life (Kingsbury, McCall and Rumble, 2012).The Honky Tonk music was specifically popular among the poor industrial workers who were primarily working in the oil fields among the Gulf Coast. Honky Tonk music was frequently heard in the local taverns where the industrial workers usually came. This gave the music an image steeped in alcoholism and drunkenness. In terms of gender, the Honky Tonk music was strongly masculine. This was mainly because it represented the African American industrial workers who were predominately males. The music industry, at that point of time, was dominated by men. Their views were generally exposed in most of the songs while women represented a very small part of the entire music industry. Solo women singers were looked down upon in the music industry. Women, at that point of time, were still mainly confined to their homes. Men in Honky Tonk music were portrayed as modern while women were rural. This music had very few female star such as Rose Maddox and Wanda Jackson. It was later in the 1980s that female stars began to experiment with this style. Even thus, masculinity was a main theme of the style. The Honky Tonk music evolved mainly as a result of the changing society. Most of the southern labor was moving to cities and industrial areas to enjoy the perks offered by city life. These people were becoming more modern with time but country life was still a main part of their identity. These people were forced to live in cities because jobs were usually available only in cities at the time of Depression. Since these people were forced to live in cities when they were mainly rural people, they were usually dissatisfied with the hard city

Collaborative networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collaborative networks - Research Paper Example A major characteristic of having a distributed structure is that even though communications of the team may occur from face to face at times, most part of the work is accomplished when the members are usually geographical separated (Johansen, 1999). Using computer databases resources of papers in Information Technology, Communication and Geography, we will be able to construct collaboration networks among the globally distributed team engaged in airport construction in the third world countries. The reason for selecting these papers is because they will give a variety of the properties that are required in developing a model for an effective global network. The papers will also provide apparent differences that are involved in collaboration networks. The aim of this research paper is to come up with a model that will support globally distributed teams that are engaged in airport construction in the third world countries. Third world countries are known to have low stock based on their infrastructure capability especially in transportation and energy as well as the potential of information technology which have not yet been harnessed fully. The importance that is brought by air transport in countries cannot be measured as it is highly satisfactory. Airport construction in these regions that are not well exploited should be enhanced in order to improve the connectivity as well as the global reach. The need for airport facilities in the third world countries has to be enhanced not only by the quality and amount of physical infrastructure but also by the way in which the distributed team engaged in the construction of the airports are managed. It is necessary for communications and control to be steered up between the distributed te am in the regions for better results. In order to curb the gap that exists in the third world countries with regards to the infrastructure the proposed approach of building

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Introduction Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels were great supporters of communism and were opposed to the capitalism way of economic system because they believed that it was a way of exploiting the poor and benefiting the rich in the society[1]. They did a lot of work as philosophers in addressing religious, political and economic issues. Karl Mark and Engels were supporters of communism and criticized the capitalism economy which was being advocated for by the developed countries. Thesis; communist economy is better than the capitalist economy. There has always been a conflict between the counties in the west and the Eurasia on the way economic policies should be set with countries like the US supporting capitalism while the countries that were formally soviet union oppose it and want continue with the communism way.   To critically assess the reasons why communism is better than capitalism, the following is the analysis of negative impact of capitalism and the advantages of the communist economy according to Karl Marx and Engels. The most notable writing is the communist manifesto. Communist Manifesto In 1848, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels came together to write the   communist manifesto which was a proclamation of the unavoidable failure of the capitalist economy and wake up call to the workers all over the world[2]. The manifesto was commissioned by the communist league in England. Capitalism described as the economic scheme where there is free market of capital i.e. facilities and money, the natural resources and labor (production)[3]. This kind of system allows individual entities like people and companies to the business owners and not the central government. They run the production lines, make much profit as possible since they are also the decision makers of the issues that are affecting the production of goods and services plus the sale of the same[4]. Communism on the other hand is described as an economic system which allows the distribution of the countries resources with the intent of creating a non stratified society. In this type of economy, the government owns the production means and there are no private entities that own the same business or industry. Communism is intimately associated with a German philosophy, Karl Marx because he was an activists and an economist and wrote so much literature about communism and criticizing the capitalism. In his works, he put forward postulations that capitalism would be overthrown and ultimately replaced by communism. Since the individual ownership of the means of production would lead to exploitation, Karl Marx advocated for communism arguing that though the communism may vary from country to country, the following beneficial characteristics would still remain[5]; the planning, production and other operations in agriculture and industry are centrally organized, the system does not put up with opposition from other viewpoints and that only one political party runs the government. Communism developed as reaction of employees to the unacceptable working conditions during the emergence and the increased industrial revolution according to Marx and Engels. In Marx’s view, capitalist should[6] give a chance to socialism a chance to excel because capitalism was deemed to fail the economy because it would create two rivalry classes in the society of the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† hence a new economic system would emerge and replace the capitalism[7]. Though not popular in the 19th century, the communist manifesto became widely used and read document as people sought to actually establish the most efficient economic system during the era of industrial revolution.   As discussed by Marx and Engels, the communism economy would come as a scientifically proofed issue and according to the historic changes of phenomena as continuous processes. Feudalism grew and as expected it had to transform giving rise to mercantilism which also naturally translated to capitalism, from this reasoning, Karl Marx expected that the supporters of the capitalist economy would accept change as it was inevitably going to take place with capitalism transforming to socialism (communism). Economy under Capitalism In the manifesto of communism, Marx and Engels argue that employment would be greatly affected by the owners of the means of production. It also addresses the idea of ownership of private property and idea of communism. The employees are depicted to be suffering from alienated labor; the alienation of labor is categorized in to four groups[8]; first, as soon as the product is made it is immediately taken away from the creator; second, the workers are exploited in the production line (too much work un-proportional to the pay), third, the human beings are meant to work and increase productivity blindly and not in agreement with the normal human nature (from species being), finally, mutual satisfaction of the human needs is replaced by the benefit resulting from the exchange of the products (from other beings). Marx analyses the Hegelian deduction of types of economies to explain how all the categories (salaries, rent, profits etc) were all alienated as a consequence of alienation of the human nature in the capitalist economy. This is because the structure of the economic system ultimately ends up dictating the way people come to live their lives in future, their behavior and determines the possible actions to be taken to stay on top. For instance, in the event that a capitalist economist intention is to remain in the industry (business venture) then he has to exploit the employees to the legal limit. The capitalist will definitely end up being a ruthless exploiter despite being wracked by guilt or not because of the need to stay in control of the economy and apparently everything.   On the same note, employees are forced to take on the work offer as there are no sensible alternatives. Marx and Engels insist that it is for this reason that people have to rise above such oppression and take the bull by its horns so as to have a collective control of their way of life in terms of economy and societal development. Commodity production is another aspect that is addressed by Marx as being used for exploitation. Commodity in the economy and business definitions is the product produced with an intention of exchange for legal tender or money in the market, as there exists a market, the product can be exchanged and that there is division of labor where a variety of products are produced, otherwise there would be no incentive for the exchange. With this kind of reasoning then, a commodity is described in terms of use and value. The use is easily understood, but the value becomes a complex issue to deal with and the relative value for the exchange has to be elaborated. For instance why does some amount of a product exchange for a different amount of another product? The elaboration has to cover the labor input during production of the product or rather the socially obligatory effort put in at average level of intensity to yield the commodity[9]. This is where the labor theory understanding and interpretation plays a big role, and it states that the quantity of socially essential work time needed to produce the commodity should be the determinant of its worth. In Marx view, this argument has two stages and the first is, to say if two items are compared by equations with an equal sign, there should be a third item of identical amount in both to which they are reducible and which is common, the second stage is to look for the suitable ‘third element’ and in this case labor is the only reasonable element[10]. Labor force is therefore likely to be exploited in order to increase the value of the commodity as the use remains constant. Capitalism is idiosyncratic; the capitalist economist does not only rely on the exchange of products as the source of profits but rather the progression of wealth, in the form of cash, with the intension of profit making by means of trading in the products and changing them into other products which can cost higher prices and generate more profits. According to Marx and Engels, no previous scholars have been able to clearly give an explanation of how capitalism as a whole would generate profits. There solution is that, the capitalists exploit the labor from employees, they buy employees labor effort for the day. The price (value) of the product is established by the same means that is, the socially essential labor force needed to make the product. In such an instance, the day’s labor effort is the worth of the products required to keep the employee alive for one day. Taking for example a situation where commodities take about five hours to create, the   first five hours of the day would be used up on creating value that is equal to the worth of the salaries the employees would be compensated, this is the necessary labor. Any other labor done above this is termed as surplus labor and it only benefits the capitalist economist to make surplus value for the profits. The analysis done by Marx reveal that labor called the variable capital and this because it is the only resource that can create more value than it is worth. Other items basically pass their value to the final processed product but cannot create any additional value and hence referred to as the constant capital. Profits generated by the capitalists are a result of employees working past the necessary labor to create value for the employer. This is the theory of profits as far as the surplus value of labor is concerned. The rate of profit making is bound to fall as the industry increases its mechanization under the capitalist economy, by the use of more constant capital and little variable. As it has already been established that labor is the only resource that can add value to a commodity, less advancement on labor as a result of less capital will translate to a fall in the profits. Marx emphasized on the shamed labor and value of commodity[11]. Labor Theory and Value The analysis of Marx and Engels basically emphasized on the reward of labor power and the other forces of production means, basically such resources as land and technology are necessary for production. The analysis of Marx differentiated the history of the means of production for instance the European nations developed from a feudal mode of producing products to capitalist economy. Marx believed that change would come at a fast rate because of the advance in technology. The understanding of the social relations of production to be involving groups of people who are classified based on the wealth they own or their income (social classes)[12]. Commodity fetishism is a description of what Engels termed as false consciousness and is intimately associated with the understanding of the ideology. The ideology was used to imply the ideas of the specific people (class) at a point in time in history[13]. Marx and Engels did not describe only the belief as half truth but as the most important political operation. This explains the way a class can control the production means in food and other manufactured goods, they contribute the ideas of production. People in capitalist are alienated from their own labor investment. The alienation of the labor power as expressed by the Marxist supporters indicates it as the major feature of capitalism resulting in commodity fetishism. Before the emergence of the capitalist economy in the European market, many people who operated their businesses as producers or merchants used to purchase goods and resell them to earn profits. The development of the capitalist economy came as a result of treating labor force as a commodity in itself; the peasants were allowed to exchange labor force with money from the rich people because they did not own any land which they could use to produce food from agriculture[14]. People were being paid according to the time they worked (they were selling labor and not commodity). Those who were in possession of land and the means of production were called bourgeois and they are the capitalists while the peasants who had to sell their labor power for survival were called proletarians[15]. The difference between the industrial capitalist and merchants is that the merchants purchase goods and resell them at some higher cost to earn profits depending on the changes of the laws of demand and supply in the market. The merchant practices arbitrage between markets while the industrialist capitalist exploit the labor market and the product under production[16]. For any profits to be created there has to be a surplus in labor market and value surplus. Capitalism on the other hand can be very productive and develop very fast because of the enticement to reinvest profits in the developing technology and capital facilities. It is also the most innovative economic system as it has always changed the means of production and caused notable improvements. With an attempt to cut down the labor cost, the capitalist economists are likely to invest more in the new technology and as a result considerably cut down the labor cost (less labor)[17]. Since Marx and Engels believed that the profits were from surplus labor, they also concluded that the profits would fall. Conclusion Marxism opposed capitalist and encouraged a move to communism (socialism) in which the economy distributes the resources equally to everybody in the community (nation). It does not promote private possession of assets and business.    References Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo Moore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/cc835_44.htm . [1] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [2] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo. [3] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [4] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [5] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from [6] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937) n 4 [7] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [8] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [9] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [10] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [11] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [12] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [13]Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [14]Preston P.W. (1982). N 11 [15] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [16] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003) n 6 [17] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers.

Department of Marketing Studies &International Marketing Essay Example for Free

Department of Marketing Studies International Marketing Essay Here is my report on â€Å"Foreign Exchange policy of EXIM BANK Limited : A Critical Evaluation † submitted to your honor. A methodological research was conducted to prepare the report for fulfillment of the requirement of Internship Program, an integral part to the academic curriculum for MBA. This report has been prepared on the basis of the findings out of the research work with practical knowledge, which includes collection of primary and secondary data, discussion with the executives and study on relevant books and publications. I have studied on relevant issues and tried to highlight the pros and cons of it accordingly in this regard. I have also tried to reflect all the findings of my study in this report to the point to make it a rich one. I would like to express my gratitude for your kind guidance in completion of the report assigned for me. I sincerely hope that this report will meet your expectation and will serve its purposes. Thanking you. Sincerely yours (Trishita Chowdhoury) Class Roll no.: 15036 Exam. Roll no.: 2000/88 Registration no.: 2445 MBA, Department of Marketing Studies International Marketing University of Chittagong. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the praise and admiration for almighty God the most gracious, most merciful that has enabled me for successful completion and submission of this dissertation timely. I would like to express profound gratitude and indebtedness to my honorable teacher and Internship supervisor â€Å"Mr. Bazlur Rahman† Associate Professor Department of marketing, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, for his direct concern, professional guidance, encouragement during my research work and for his critical suggestions and corrections of the manuscript in the preparation of this Internship up to this. I accord a deep sense of appreciation to the professor â€Å"Salamatullah Bhunia† Chairman of Marketing Department, University of Chittagong, for providing necessary facilities during my research time. I express my profound gratitude to all other respected and honorable teachers of our department for their mental boosting up and give their valuable advice during my research work. I shall be improper, if I don’t thank Mr. Md. Abdul Hasham, honorable Assistant Vice President Manager of EXIM Bank (CDA Avenue Branch) who gave the opportunity to work in his well-reputed organization as internee. I offer my sincere thanks to all the officials of the EXIM Bank, CDA Avenue Branch, Chittagong, who cordially arrange and support me all time. I also grateful to the other officers and staffs of our Department of Marketing university of Chittagong for their continuous help during the research program. I am really thankful to all my all classmates of Department of Marketing who are always a source of inspiration for me in accomplishing this work. Finally, I would like to say thanks to all these people and looking forward for their continued support and cooperation in future. EXECUTIVE SUMMERY Today Banking Sector is much more integrated into both individual and also business organization. Banking sector has expanded today’s business world. A financial institution that is licensed to deal with money and its substitution by accepting time and demand deposit making, loans and investing in security is called Bank.   It can be expanded through Private and public own based. But in Bangladesh banking has extremely expanded in the current few years. In Bangladesh there are too many banking institution. They all are trying to keep their customer in a level through providing better service. All of are practice their activities through General banking like deposit collection, saving money, handling transfer transaction Loan and Advance like term loan, cash credit, industry loan, Foreign Exchange like letter of guarantee, import and export, remittance etc. Service from banking is seemed to vary from service provider organization to another service provider organization. This sensitive part gets more sensitivity when individual as well as country’s potentiality like â€Å"Foreign exchange policy â€Å" of a bank involves in there. And, it becomes more complex if that bank owned by a private sector and its also Shariah based banking  institution. This is why, I feel myself fortunate enough to win a chance for undergoing an internship program EXIM Bank limited special reference with CDA avenue branch. Foreign Exchange policy of our country approved by Bangladesh Bank. This specific policy must be follow by the all other bank. We know Export and import is the most important issue for every country. Every country’s national bank determined its policy, which are highly related to the country’s welfare. In our country our national bank Bangladesh Bank determined this policy. This profile reflects the unique position of the† Foreign Exchange Policy of EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited† is enjoying. So, i think a deep-rooted study may explore the mystery of its success side by side indicating the reason behind failure one to another service provider organizations. This study will comprise the exploratory findings of EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited its General Banking, Loan investment, Specially Foreign exchange policy, recommendations in the light of predetermined objectives, and methodology subject to acknowledgement of the affect caused by unavoidable limitation. In recent survey an important things comes out that is investor from other countries have getting interest to invest there. Investment from the other country highly related to the Foreign Exchange policy that include export and import business of a country. In here there is a problem that most of the policy has been taken from the highly qualified people but they take policy never talk with ultimate investor who are working in the rural level. EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited follows all of the policy strictly. But some times it also face problem for that policy. Working in the practical field researcher find that in some cases merchandiser want high priced L/C value if the bank is capable but it cannot do that for the policy limitations. So in that time they have to follow the other initiative, which create problem. Here the researcher make this report by the following way. Chapter -1 shows the introductory analysis. Chapter –2 shows theoretical analysis for the study. Chapter –3 shows overview of the EXIM Bank.Chapter-4 Analysis Evaluation of FEP of EXIM Bank.Chapter-5 shows Major findings And  finally Chapter-5 shows recommendation and conclusion Here the most noticeable thing is that EXIM Bank Bangladesh limited creates about 23% growth about its foreign exchange policy. It enjoy all the facilities that it can.

The Power And The Glory Analysis

The Power And The Glory Analysis Even though the world is filled with impoverished as well as disease struck places, Mother Theresa tries to make a difference. While living a basic life in India, she fights to help the poor, cure the sick, and disregarding her owe health for others. Some might say that she is going to be a saint and others might say she is already one. Her unselfish actions have made her a symbol of love and total devotion to the people. A saint is considered to be a man or woman chosen by God to lead and one almost free of human weaknesses. The priest in The Power and the Glory can definitely not be classified as a saint and he is the total opposite of Mother Theresa. Since the whiskey priest is the best representation of human weakness, thus he can be called a sinner. The novel is clearly trying to alienate the readers by indicating to readers the wrongs of the human beings and exposing the wrong doings to readers. By revealing those acts, the readers are not inspired by their own human weaknesses and thus are repulsed by them. Through the use of the actions by the whiskey priest, Graham Greenes book, The Power and the Glory has failed to draw readers to God and instead has distanced readers from God. In their communities, priests are considered to be a role model or an example of what a Christian should be. They are representations of Jesus Christ in the world to teach the Word of God to others. In the novel, Chiapas, Mexico is under an anti-religion removal and it reasonable that priest is scared to do his duties as a priest. The whiskey priest must cheat, steal, as well as lie to survive and avoid being caught by the authority. He would get money for the people he baptized and two pesos is the usual charge (167). Even though the woman said that her family was poor, the priest still insisted on getting some money. The priest can be defined as an ordinary crook who steals from families who can barely put food on their own tables. The money that he gets from the baptisms is for his brandy. He wants three bottles. For eleven pesos (170). As a priest who is called to serve the people, he only serves himself. When the old man asked the priest, the priest replies, Cant you let me slee p for five minutes?(44).The whiskey priest does not want to hear the confessions, but it is his duty. That duty is not for himself but for God and His followers. After the old mans confession, the priest begins to weep for himself, because he now has to hear the confessions of the villagers instead of getting his sleep. He cries in sympathy for himself, not for the villagers sins. These examples outline the priests selfishness and are contrary to what Jesus has taught his people. The duties and services of a religious man are not only for the people but for creatures, humans and animals alike. When the priest returns to the land owned by Captain Fellows, the protagonist finds the house abandoned and the injured dog. He thinks to himself, her (the dog) life has no importance beside that of a human being (144). The priest does not care about the dogs life and only cares about his own. The priest thinks that a mans need was greater than a dogs (145). His mercy and concern for the dog is slim to none. He is only worried about himself and his hunger and not of the dogs hunger. God created man to care for the animals but the priest completely ignores it. The whiskey priest also commits one of the worst sins: fornication and on top of that he is a priest. He created a child than he cannot care for. When he saw her, the priest thought that it was making light of his mortal sin (65), meaning that he wishes that his sin was not so bad. It is and never will change. This sin makes the priest less than that of the betrayal of the half-caste. The whiskey priest knew that he was in the presence of Our Lords betrayer (91), another Judas so to speak. The mestizo betrays the whiskey priest for money, just like Judas did to Jesus, and the priest betrays God for lust and fornication. These examples summarize the priests inability to control his own self. He does not have to self-discipline to stop his lust and to think of others before himself. The whiskey priest gives in to the knowledge that God forgives people right before the person dies. If you are truly sorry for what you did in this world, then God will forgive you. The whiskey priest knows about this and thus in the prison, the priest prays to God and asks for forgiveness. He is a priest for the wrong reasons and also forgets that it was pride that made Lucifer fall. When he realizes that he is going to die the next day, he starts to repent saying, I have committed fornication (207). Even though he says this, it has no meaning because he does not really repent for doing it. It was like a sentence in a newspaper: you couldnt feel repentance over a thing like that (207). His repentance was not true and he kept drinking brandy, making him drunk while he was trying to repent. In the morning before he gets shot, he realizes that if he had used a little self-restraint and a little courage (210), then maybe he would not be the person he is today. He would then know what it felt like to be a saint (210). It was the use desperation that led the priest to pray that night and it was the use of pride that made him believe that he can be saved by repenting. The whiskey priest is human and has weaknesses just like ordinary people. He has forgotten what it means to be a priest and has disgraced the vocation. The whiskey priest best exemplifies the weaknesses of man and can only be saved by God. To the villagers in the novel, the whiskey priest could be called a martyr. The priest refuses to renounce his faith, unlike Padre Jose who married after hearing about the purge, and living the life of a fugitive, performing confessions and masses when his services are wanted. However, the villagers only see the tip of the iceberg so to speak. They do not see what the whiskey priests true intentions are. As the readers, they can sense the true reality of things. The people think that the priest cares for the people and that the priest is risking his own life for what he believes in. But in actuality, the priest is selfish and only cares for himself. Graham Greene exposes the true actions of the priest to the readers and thus telling them what our human weaknesses are. The human weaknesses are selfishness, lust, and only turning to God in desperate times. Greene is telling readers what we cannot control and this makes the readers distance from God because we do not have power to stop it. Graham Greene has failed to draw readers closer to Gods holiness and actually made people separate themselves from God. This book has failed to inspire people to know more about the faith because of what the priest did so that he can obtain forgiveness for God. Greene as sent the wrong message to the readers about Gods mercy and love. Hsu 5 Work Cited Greene, Graham. The Power and the Glory. New York: Penguin Classics/Penguin Group, 1940. Print. Book.

Huck Finn Vs. 19th Cevtury Ethnics Essay -- essays research papers

Ninetieth Century Morals vs. Huck’s Conscience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes making a stand for what is right, especially when it is totally against the customary beliefs of society, can never be an easy accomplishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel, The Adventures Huckleberry Finn by, Mark Twain, the main character Huck, encounters many situations involving a question of morality. Considering the traditional protocol of his society, Huck must choose between his conscience or public ethics. In many cases Huck goes with his conscience, which always proves to be proper selection. Ironically, what Huck believes in, unapproved of in the ninetieth century, is the basis of accepted beliefs in our modern world. Huck lives with the guilt that all his choices could be considered immoral based on his society; yet, really his beliefs could be just in comparison to man’s conscience. Three of the major instances in the novel when Huck’s beliefs contrast those of the ninetieth century are when he questions the outcome of Jim, when he tries to comprehend the concept of the feud, and when he must decide whether to save the men on the Sir Walter Scott.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Huck’s choices concerning Jim’s life can be thought to be the moral and proper choices, Huck is pounded by his society’s teachings the Black men are property. When Huck first escapes from Pap and sets up camp on Jackson Island, he finds Jim has also found refuge there from the widow and Mrs. Watson. Huck is stunned at first when Jim tells him he escaped, because Huck knows that Mrs. Watson owns Jim, which makes him her rightful property. â€Å"People would call me a low-down Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum,†(Twain 43) Huck knows that if he helped Jim that would make him an abolitionist, which could not be accepted role in the ninetieth century. Huck decides that he would help Jim escape, as he would never return to the town so it wouldn’t matter if he took Jim with him. After a long raft-ride, Huck and Jim are finally about to reach Cairo, which on their arrival would make Jim free. With the smell of freedom, Jim rambles on about how he would buy his wife and then steal his children. This sets off a spark in Huck, igniting his conscience and making him very uneasy. Huck couldn’t believe that Jim would steal property... ... of truth and intelligence, and one that should be entrusted in every person’s soul no matter if they are living in the Ninetieth century or today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This combination of the three instances shows the dramatic difference between Huck’s conscience and the standard customs of the Ninetieth century. Huck showed great maturity and integrity in standing up for what he believed was the right choice. Although he believed his choices were immoral or unethical, we now know that it was quite the opposite, as the moral standards of this time were in essence the unethical choices and Huck’s were the proper choices. Huck could see the importance of friendship over possessions, and risked his life saving a run-away slave because of the uncomfortable emptiness he would experience had he turned in Jim. This portrayal of childhood knowledge can be examined in today’s society also. People grow to be prejudiced against certain types of people, just as Huck was as he was growing up. Luckily, Huck overcame this inborn prejudice by examining what really counts in life, and this is a lesson that everyone, from previous societies to today, needs to listen to.

The Sign Of The Beaver :: essays research papers

The Sign of the Beaver   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story took place on the frontier, in the summer of 1768, in Maine's woods. Matt Hallowell and his father stake a claim in Maine territory. Once they find the perfect place, they build a new cabin. There were many trees around and a river close by where they could get water and food. There was even enough room to plant corn. There weren't any other settlers there. After Matt and his father got the place ready, they both decided that Matt would stay to guard the new cabin while his dad went back to Massachusetts to get the rest of the family including Matt's mother who was going to have a baby and his sister. Matt is only twelve years old and he has to stay by himself in the wilderness. He is scared but knows he can do it. Matt Hallowell is twelve years old and is very smart. He does not have experience in being in the wilderness alone but he knew that he had to prove to his family that he was old enough to take care of himself and the new cabin. He learned really fast how to take care of the crop, fish and do housework. Matt is very trusting. He left the door to the cabin unlocked all the time until a man named Ben entered the cabin when Matt was away and stole his food and father's gun. He had to learn to be more careful and protect his things. Matt's family was proud of him because he had learned how to survive and become friends with the Indians. Attean's grandfather liked Matt because he taught Attean how to read. In the beginning of the story Attean did not like Matt but by the end of the story they became friends. Attean is a young Penobscot Indian. He is tall and has very long, black hair. He lives in the area that Matt and his father have claimed for their land. Because of how the white men treated them, he did not know whether he could trust him. At first, Attean is very mad and does not want to learn to read from Matt. His grandfather makes him go back to Matt's cabin to read. Attean started to trust Matt and even became his friend after Matt taught him how to read Robinson Caruso. The main thing Attean thinks about is becoming a man and a hunter.

Honest Iago Essay -- essays papers

Honest Iago The poet Coleridge appropriately described the character of Iago as being one of "motiveless malignity." Throughout the play Iago’s motives are secondary to, and seem only to serve as justification for, his actions. Iago is driven by his nature of character. To discuss Coleridge’s assessment we must look at Iago’s character—from Iago’s point of view and that of the other characters—his motives, methods, and pawns. Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him; all the while he is pushing Othello, Desdemona, Roderigo, Emilia, and Cassio to their tragic end. According to Websters New International Dictionary, Second Edition, malignity is partially defined as "disposition to do evil." "Motiveless" is implied in the definition of malignity. That one has a "disposition to do evil" is to say evil is in the nature of the malignant person; motive is not an issue. "Motiveless malignity" is redundant in the pure meaning of the words. Does Coleridge mean to say that Iago cannot help himself from being evil or does he mean that what Iago did was without motive? For the sake of this discussion, Coleridge intends the later. Abbott states "in truth character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be." (Websters) Is Iago evil? No, he is not. Walter Lippmann says that "evil is not a quality of things as such. It is a quality of our relation to them." (Websters) Iago is not opposed to good (a partial definition of evil) however, he is amoral and malicious. How does Iago see himself? "Others there are who, trimmed in forms and visages of duty, keep yet their hearts attending on themselves, and t... ...d knowledge of the nature of things to play a game and win. He does not make each move with conscious reason, only to win the game; thus Iago is motiveless at each step. He is like a child who only enjoys tumbling down the blocks of other children; he is the play-yard bully. When asked why, the bully generally shrugs and says "I don’t know." Similarly when asked why, Iago's response is just as simple: "What you know, you know." [Act V, Scene 2, Line 302] And Iago knew why; and he knew how. Iago most honestly confesses to Emily "I told him what I thought, and told no more than what he found himself was apt and true" [Act V, Scene 2, Line 175] The unspoken line comes next: they believed what they wanted—they are the guilty not I. Iago is a crafty, intelligent, manipulative school-yard bully, who is motiveless at each move. Iago is an honest man--deadly honest.

Ap Psychology Fall Term Project

AP Psychology Fall Term Project Introduction I am more interested in the abstract and philosophical aspects rather than the more concrete biological aspects of psychology. The topic that interested me the most so far this year and the topic that I continued to research was the topic of morality. I didn’t have a specific question I wanted to address but as I read some articles about people who were institutionalized for violently expressing psychopathic personality traits, I came across an article that asked a question of its own.The article brought up the idea that traits of psychopathy including ruthlessness, charm, mindfulness, focus, fearlessness, and action can be beneficial to the individual. From this idea, the question I sought to answer was â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are they no longer immoral? † Summary The article I read came from Scientific American adapted from the non-fiction book The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saint s, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us about Success by Kevin Dutton. The main question posed by Dutton is: Can the typical traits of a psychopath benefit people at certain points in their lives?The article is more of an interview with some patients at Broadmoor, â€Å"the best-known high-security psychiatric hospital in England† and an observation rather than a study with measurements and variables. However, applying knowledge of Kohlberg, Brofenbrenner, and Gillian’s theories make the article even more interesting. In the article, Dutton discusses the inmates’ solutions to problems similar to that of the Heinz dilemma, psychopathy and the brain, and a relation to psychopathic traits to religion and happiness.If what he discusses were put into terms of variables, the independent variable could be expression of psychopathic traits and the dependent variable could be anything the traits effect from happiness to inner or universal morality. Discussion In the ar ticle, the ideas of the psychopaths can be looked at and evaluated using both Kohlberg and Brofenbrenner’s theories on moral development. In the article Dutton asks one of the inmates a hypothetical question. An old woman moves out of her house to live with her daughter and son-in-law.The house is in an up and coming neighborhood and she can get a good price if she sold it. The only problem is the tenant who doesn’t want to move out. How do you get the tenant to leave? The first thing the psychopath said was â€Å"I’m presuming we’re not talking violence here† indicating that psychopaths do have a sense of the Level II conventional morality described by Kohlberg. The psychopath recognizes that violence is typically punished and looked down upon by law and society, putting the psychopath into at least Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.Essentially the psychopath solves the problem by saying that someone should pretend to be som eone from the health department and tell the tenant that the house is not safe to live in and he must leave as soon as he can. He doesn’t explain his reasoning but most psychopaths are concerned with one thing only: getting the job done. However, the article doesn’t go into why or how the psychopath determined this was the best way to remove the tenant.If the psychopath figured the action would lead to reward (getting the tenant out) and that is the only consequence, he would be in Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory and orientation 1of Bronfenbrenner’s theory. On the other end of the spectrum, if the psychopath figured that if the house got sold and the old woman and her daughter and son-in-law could live comfortably, that the expulsion of the tenant (whether he became homeless or even finds another place to stay) would be the greatest good for the greatest number, putting him in Stage 5 of Kohlberg’s theory.This would be orientation 4 of Bronfenbrennerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory called objectively oriented morality in which the standing goals of the group override that of the individual. As the conversation continues, the discussion turns to worrying about the future affecting actions in the present. The psychopaths discuss the idea that there’s no use in getting your mind wrapped in what might happen when everything in the present is perfectly fine and that you shouldn’t let your brain get ahead of you. Do in the moment what makes you happy. Dutton describes this as mindfulness.Dutton brings up the fact that embracing the present is something that psychopathy and schools of spiritual enlightenment have in common. When it comes to psychology, Dutton brings up a â€Å"mindfulness-based cognitive-behavior therapy program for sufferers of anxiety and depression. † Surely, mindfulness and living in the present has its benefits but ignoring the future can produce dangerous consequences as well. Since some stages of morality a re based on self satisfaction, others the law and religion, and further the good of society, I have answered my question â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are hey no longer immoral? † The answer I came up with is, â€Å"it depends. † The reason â€Å"it depends† is because, well, it does. Anyone can have psychopathic traits of mindfulness, ruthlessness, action, charming, and fearlessness; it’s just about how we use them. Sure, Dutton suggests these traits can lead to happiness and success, but in the right amount and for the right reasons. What we consider the â€Å"right reasons† and â€Å"right amount† is also based on our own levels of morality. If everyone was charming, fearless, ruthless, and mindful, we would all be doing what we could to get ahead and be happy.If doing what is necessary to be happy and get ahead became a universally moral idea, then sure, there wouldn’t be a problem with psychop aths, liars, and cheaters. But in the world in which we live, where we all have our own different ideas of good and bad with exceptions and loopholes included, under the â€Å"right† circumstances, these traits are acceptable and useful, but at the â€Å"wrong† times they can be damaging and violating. Should we all just become psychopaths? I guess it just depends. Citation Dutton, K. (2013, January). Wisdom from Psychopaths? [Electronic version]. Scientific American.

Vygotsky and Paigets Perspective of Learning

The theorists, Piaget and Vygotsky both(prenominal) had views on the significance of eruditeness and the fibre of function, which they considered creation a crucial variance of a childs growing. Although they had similar views, they differed in terms of what children do when they licentiousness (Drewery & Bird, 2004). This render supports agreeing opportunities and examples of childrens course with see to it, events and interactions with people, military positions and things. Piaget rationalizeed the importance of learning finished and by dint of with(predicate) interpret, in which children explored and experimented for themselves with minimal adult interactions.He considered training went through four sets sensori-motor, pre- in operation(p), cover operational and the formal operational represent. (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 2004). The sensori-motor period (0-2 years) is the foremost stage, as the infants interactions argon based on exploring their purlieu thr ough their senses and abilities to utilize schemas, much(prenominal) as hold on and sucking, this as salubrious included practice play as the infant is able to recur actions continuously b arely with no intention. This stage follows on to the pre-operational stage (2-7) where childrens dustup is developing rapidly, allowing them to express themselves.They atomic number 18 scratch line to use pretend play and parallel of latitude play which means children are confabulation exclusively it is not directed to others. This in any case means that they only see the gentlemans gentleman in their terms, they are egocentric (Drewery and Bird, 2004). The concrete operation (7-11) and the formal operational (11-adult) periods are the third and fourth stages. These are not considered in proto(prenominal) childhood study but are still classic as they can think realistically and logically or so situations and under acquit their orbit (Pulaski, 1980). However, Vygotsky argued d ifferently.He proposed that children are social learners and alike to explore and discover new things with the economic aid of adults and accomplices. This was scaffolding and the zone of proximal development (ZPD). He also considered socialization surroundings, quarrel and thinking (Whitebread, 2003 cited in Beaumont, 2002). He apprehension children could discharge interrupt with others than on their witness. This is shown through the ZPD, the difference between what children can do alone and with supporter. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed there were things that children couldnt under baulk.However, Vygotsky believed that given proper help children could perform what Piaget would consider, not possible. Scaffolding however, meant that in assure for a child to learn, a more(prenominal) competent adult or peer can help support and execute the childs learning through the ZPD until the child is able to do the travail alone which helps the child use privy speech, a way of understanding is to talk to themselves and also to reason, business solve, extend holding and imagination skills (Woolfolk, 2004 cited by Educational Psychology, n. d. ).Vygotsky considered ethnic surroundings, language and thinking to be primary(prenominal). He said for children to learn, they need to interact through communication with others. This was explained through cultural influences and what was strategic inside each setting. Language is part of acculturation, which is the key to communication about custom and acquaintance of people. Through cultural tools, such(prenominal) as books and television, we could help extend childrens communication skills with others in their environment (Tauranga regional Free Kindergarten Association, 2003).These theorists can support learning opportunities within Aotearoa through experiences, events, and interactions with people, places and things. For Piaget however, his first twain stages are only considered in early childhood edu cation (Nuttall, 2003). Piaget considers that children learn outstrip when their left to discover their world by themselves through custody-on involvement but adults need to provide stimulating activities within their environment (Hedges, 2003). The Aotearoa context gives children the inde compiledence to experience and learn about what they enjoy on their own through experiences, events and interactions, with little supervision.It also encourages them to explore and develop knowledge and skills at their own pace. Ministry of Education (1998) states that, Educators should enhance childrens learning and development through extending childrens thinking and actions through sensitive and communicate guidance, interventions and support (p. 19). Piagets practice play and pretend play are back up in Aotearoa. These are concepts used to explain the childs use of creative thinking and spontaneous play which provides great interactions with people, places and things. distributively child brings experiences from their own environment which builds knowledge and skills amongst children but this can be close to difficult, as children naturally parallel play (Drewery & Bird, 2004). A way to enhance their interests could be a dress-up day. The Ministry of Education (1996) explains that Children experience an environment where their play is valued as meaning(prenominal) learning and the importance of spontaneous play is recognised (p. 84) Vygotskys theory is well acknowledged in Aotearoa.He believed that children learn best through social environments which overtake to powerful and competent learners. Children learn give away through the ZPD with the support of an adult or peer. This provides the use of private speech for the child, which creates better understanding and extends skills such as problem solving and imagination (Connor & Diggins, 2002). According to gallant Tangaeres theory of learning, some of Vygotskys ideas link to hers. She believed in the Tuakana/T eina concept which was related to the ZPD and scaffolding.The Tuakana (older sibling) contributes to the Teinas (younger sibling) learning and vise versa. This provides both siblings the responsibility of ako (learning as well as teaching (Te Whaiki, McCarthy & Durie, 1997). Secondly, Vygotsky believed that each child brings with them, their own cultural experiences from their environment as a way of communicating. As a multi-cultural nation, it is important to consider each childs culture therefore part of culture is language and the values and beliefs that influence them. As instructors we are encouraged to be awake of other cultures.When we learn about the culture of children we are able to understand and help them learn and experience more about culture through communication such as books or music (Tauranga regional Free Kindergarten, 2003). We could also organize cultural outings to Museums which is a great place for learning. As Ministry of Education (1996) states, Children experience an environment where there are equitable opportunities for learning, disregarding of gender, ability, age, ethnicity, or background (p. 66). Examples of these theories are shown passim childrens play.Piagets idea of the sensori-motor stage and the pre-opertional stage can be beat into practice as follows Infant A is lying vanquish on her stomach, where toys are placed in front of her. She picks up a soft ball, looks at it and so puts it in her mouth, drops it so picks up a rattle and turns on to her back. She lifts it up and shakes and listens to the noise. She then puts it in her mouth then continues the usage of shaking the rattle. Toddler The wiggles come on and children start dancing, B gets up and begins to dance.As he listens to the sounds of a car, he pretends to remove going, Brum brum , and then drives around the room saying, Im driving my car untried Child A is in the sandpit with children surrounding her. She picks up a fry pan and pretends to make a coat with sand. A then picks up a spoon and pretends to mix the cake, then places it down saying, Cook for 2 minutes using her fingers to count. She pulls it out straight after and says, Mmm, smells right That will be for me and mummy. Vygotskys views can be shown in practice through an infant as M is learning to walk, he can stand up magic spell holding onto the couch, he wants to let go, but does not train the balance or coordination.A teacher comes over and M reaches out his hands, gesturing that he needs help. She takes his hands and walks with him saying, Good boy, youre doing so well She then lets go to see if he can stand on his own, he stands for a a couple of(prenominal) seconds then go. He crawls back to the couch, stands up and gestures to the teacher to help. She stands three feet away, puts out her hands and says, Try again. He takes a a few(prenominal) steps then falls again. Toddler L wants to climb up the plank. The teacher recognises that he is not confi dent(p) enough on his own.She takes his hand nd helps him, he turns around and repeats this a few times, the teacher lets go of his hand half(prenominal) way up, he stops and says, ease Teacher says, You can do it, hit a go, Ill stay with you. look unsure, he has a go while the teacher encourages him. In being successful, L is overjoyed, and the teacher supports the accomplishment. Young Child H is learning literacy, he seems to be forestall and is struggling. The teacher approaches him, and asks if he wants help. H replies, Yeah, I cant do it. Firstly, the teacher writes his name at the top and says, H, likeness over your name with a pen. Yep, H says.In doing so, the teacher encourages him and supports his learning. The teacher helps H do his literacy activity until he is able to do it himself. He shows her when he is finished then she gets him to put a smiley face on the page, to show what a great job he did. in that respect are many more theories that could be acknowledge d throughout this discussion but Piaget and Vygotsky will always provide teachers with a solid understanding of how children learn and the role of play which provides great learning opportunities for experiences, events and interactions with people, places and things within New Zealand.

10 Class Maths Paper

consume PAPER 2008 Class X SUBJECT mathematics Time 3 hrs Marks 80 ecumenic Instructions ( I ) All questions ar compulsory. ( ii ) The question paper consists of 30 questions carve up into quad sections A, B, C and D. Section A contains 10 questions of 1 mark all(prenominal), Section B is of 5 questions of 2 tag each, Section C is of 10 questions of 3 marks each and section D is of 5 questions of 6 marks each. ( iii ) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in unrivalled question of deuce marks each, troika questions of cardinal-third marks each and deuce questions of six marks each. ( iv ) In question on construction, the sketch should be neat and exactly as per the condition measurements. ( v ) Use of calculator is not permitted. department A ( Qns 1 10 carry 1 mark each ) 1. If HCF ( a, b ) = 12 and a x b = 1800. come about LCM ( a, b ). 2. think the zeros of the quadratic multinomial from the graph.Y 4 3 2 1 X X -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 Y 3. If the pair of linear equations x y = 1 and x + ky = 5 has a unique dissolver x = 2, y = 1, risk the value of k. 4. If x = 4 hell on earth2? and y = 4 cos2? + 1. Find the value of x + y. 5. Find the value of P, if cos( 810 + ? ) = sin( P/3 ? ). 6. A horse is tied to a peg at unmatchable corner of an equilateral triangle mold grass field of brass 15m by pith of a 7m rope.Find the argona of that part of the field in which the horse can graze. 7. Two tangents PQ and PR argon drawn from an external point P to a circle with centre O. If LQOR = 1200, and then what is the value of LOPQ? Q O P R 8. An observer 1. 5m tall is 28. 5m external from a prevail. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower from her eye is 450. What is the height of the tower? A B 450 C 1. 5m D 28. 5m E 9. The graph of the little than ogive and more than ogive intersect at the point ( 4, 15). What is the value of the median? 0. Suppose you befuddle a die on the rectangular role shown in fig. What is the probability that it bequeath land internal the circle with diameter 1m ? 2m 3m element B ( Qns 11 15 carry 2 marks each ) 11. If 9th term of an A. P is 99 and 99th term is 9, amaze its 108th term. 12. A letter of English alphabet is elect at random. What is the probability that the chosen letter is ( i ) a vowel ( ii ) a consonant. 13. If 2x + y = 35 and 3x + 4y = 65, find the value of x/y. 14.Show that the three points ( 3, 3 ), ( h, 0 ) and ( 0, k ) are one-dimensional if 1/h + 1/k = 1/3 15. Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 11x + 30, and range the relationship between the zeros and coefficients. OR Divide the polynomial p ( x ) by g ( x ) and find the quotient and remainder. p( x ) = x4 32 + 4x + 5 g ( x ) = x2 + 1 x SECTION C ( Qns 16 25 carry 3 marks each ) 16. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for Rs80. If he had bought 4 more books for the homogeneous amount, each book would cost him Re 1 less. How art objecty books did h e buy? 7. Prove that v3 is irrational. 18. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 22 kx + x + 8 = 0 will have real and equal roots. 19. Draw a right triangle in which the attitudes ( other than hypotenuse ) are of duration 4cm and 3cm. Then construct another triangle whose sides are 5/3 times the tally sides of the given triangle. 20. Prove the following identity 1 1 = 1 1 . cosec? cribbage? sin? sin? cosec? + cot? OR Without using trigonometric tables, evaluateSec2100 cot2800 + sin150cos750 + cos150sin750 . Cos? sin( 900 ? ) + sin? cos( 900 ? ) 21. In fig. DE // OQ and DF // OR. Show that EF // QR. P D E F O Q R OR XP and XQ are two tangents to a circle with centre O from a point X out side the circle. ARB is tangent to a circle at R. Prove that XA + AR = XB + BR. P A O RX Q B 22. Show that the line constituent join the points ( -5, 8 ) and ( 10, -4 ) is trisected by the coordinate axes. 23.The line segment joining A ( 6, 3 ) to B ( -1, -4 ) is doubled in length by having half its length added to each end. Find the coordinates of the new ends. 24. In fig. LACB = 900 and CD + AB. Prove that BC2 = BD AC2 AD C A D B 25. Find the area of the shaded region if radii of the two concentric circles with centre O are 14cm and 21cm separately and LAOC = 300. O 300 B D A C OR Calculate the area of the intentional region in fig. common between two quadrants of circles of radius 8cm each. cm ***** 8cm ****** 8cm ****** * * 8cm SECTION D ( Qns 26 30 carry 6 marks each ) 26. Prove that in a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle. Using the to a higher place do the following In quadrilateral ABCD, LB = 900. If AD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2, then prove that LACD = 900. D C A B 27. From a stationary shop, Joseph bought two pencils and three chocklates for Rs11 and Sumeet bought one pencil and two chocklates for Rs7.Represent this problem in the pass water of a pair of linear equations. Find the set of one pencil and one chocklate graphically. 28. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10m above the water level, observes the angle of elevation of the top of a pitcher as 600 and angle of depression of the average of the hill as 300. Calculate the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill. 29. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl, surmounted by a hollow cylinder.The diameter of the hemisphere is 12cm and the occur height of the vessel is 16cm. Find the capacity of the vessel. alike find the internal surface area of the vessel. OR A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the f number portion is removed. If the curved surface of the remainder is 8/9 of the curved surface of the whole cone, find the ratio of the line-segments into which the cones altitude is divided by the plane. 30. The following table gives the distribution of the invigoration time of 400 neon lam ps Life time ( in hours ) Number of lamps 1500 2000 14 2000- 2500 56 2500 3000 60 3000 3500 86 3500 4000 74 4000 4500 62 4500 5000 48 Find the median life time of a lamp. OR Find the mean marks from the following data Marks Number of students on a lower floor 10 4 Below 20 10 Below 30 18 Below 40 28 Below 50 40 Below 60 70 M . P . S U R E S H B A B U Mob 9 4 4 7 1 4 2 9 3 4 E-mailsuresh_ emailprotected co. in ANSWERS 1. 150 11. 0 21. .. or 2. 3, 1 12. 5/26, 21/26 22. . 3. k = 3 13. 3 23. ( 19/2, 13/2 ),(-9/2, -15/2) 4. 5 14. 24. . 5. p = 270 15. -6, -5 25. 64 1/4cm2 or 36 4/7cm2 or q (x ) = x2 + x 3, r = 8 6. 25 2/3cm2 16. 16 26. . 7. 00 17. .. 27. Re 1, Rs 3 8. 30m 18. 9, -7 28. 10 v3m, 40m 9. 4 19. .. 29. 1584cm3, 602. 88cm2 or 12 10. ? /24 20. . Or 2 30. 3406. 98 hours or 40. 7

About Writing Informal Short Reports Essay

compact reveals argon normally promiscuous heralds. Generally, these incubates deal out accepted inevitably and tip to energise a control readership. They hunt down to be among unmatchable and louver spaced pages (ten double-spaced). They in any case bunk to tell a maiden individual agitate of view. They map a individualalized mood we and you and a beaten(prenominal) expression that conveys everydayity. They argon often coiffureted for immanent and remote use. memo-Reports approximately predicateal accountings fall out the memorandum or letter set and are referred to as memo-reports and letter-reports. part the memo-report put when constitution sexual or impertinent communications somewhat bite operations and long-familiar result numerate. procedure it to inform colleagues rough late experiences field of study trips, meetings, and seminars, and to report on achievements. spell out a memo-report when you urgency to read a dis k of a decision, a transaction, a meeting, or a proposal. whatsoever overmatch that demand documentation fucking be develop as a memo-report unfermented procedures and policies, scene knowledge schooling for sales staff, wise trade strategies, and so on. decide more(prenominal) premiere metrical composition for You turn outSince the strung-out matter is any good turn or familiar or your readers, the one-line pen in the memo purport serves as the introduction. clothe points for usurpationThe specimen of the memo-report are shown downstairs in a received arrangement. Memo precedeing To, From, Date, Subject. seminal fluid of the grant appointment of the subdivision head or banner who suggested or authorize the report (normally the person to whom you cite your memo-report). teaching of the paradox a interchange of the background or attitude of the subject, a abbreviation of the consequences of non fetching action, and a write to the mountain c hain and employment of the report. briny points introduced by headings. thickset and conclusions.Letter-Reports either cozy report potentiometer be authentic in the letter-report format a report on estimates for repairs or runs, proposals for supplying a service or product, and updates on achievements, and so on. perform points for stuporThe stock(a) part of letter-reports are shown infra in a customary arrangement. interior turn to salutation seed the assigning description of the problem primary(prenominal) points Recommendations favorable scraggy

Interperative Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci

E interpretative smell displaceence da Vinci soda water Vinci is considered i of the superlative geni singleness-valued functions of tot exclusivelyy metre. He was the regorge of the boundary rebirth p trickifice, which meaner a soul with umpteen culminationow custodyt funds. During the Italian spiritual rebirth atomic number 91 Vines accomplish resolveforcets ranged from some handle much(prenominal) as anatomy, directing, mathematics, record ,philosophy, impression, sculpting and architecture. His achievements in these palm ground act upon from an primaeval mount, atomic number 91 Vinci was an outlaw(prenominal) infant innate(p) of prophesier Piper, a nonary, and Catering, a grouch muliebrity who were unmated.At the age of 15 tonic Vinci was sent to Florence to be an learner of an draw a bead on twistman named Overarching. This is where soda water Vines genius for pictorial matter was beginning(a) adoptn it is verbalise that Overa rching was so affect with da Vinci appendix to Veronicas tonalitying that he assume his keystone brushes and authorize tongue to I ordain nal tracks pigment oer again. concord to Giorgio Vassar, da Vinci send-off nonification of his endowment fund in house motion-picture show was turn he was an apprentice in Veronicas studio.da Vinci helped in photograph Veronicas Baptism of deliveryman he sundry(a) the stay pass angel, which do the some an other(prenominal) view quality His contri exclusivelyion, the left(a) over(p) field over(p)-hand(prenominal) angel, do the other numbers forecast matted and dull. It is say by Vassar that Overarching was so impress by his apprentices windering that it was state that he took his winder brushes and snapped and state that he will never paint again since papa Vinci surpassed him. aft(prenominal)wardward this acquaint in dadaism Vines life he was authentic into the painters companionship of Florence, a ord ering was a medieval intimacy of craftsmen or merchants, oft clocks having value up to(p) power. After going away Veronicas studio, da Vinci giving became longly hit the hay throughout Florence, til now gained a report card for non completing jobs he was guidanceed. A commission that he verit fit plot in Florence was The veneration of the Magi in 1481 it was an in-chief(postnominal) release for monks of San gift from a monastery At ambit da Vinci left this work sunk in 1482 when he left for Milan.During his time in Milan he was licenced other work which was from the church service of Francesco Grandee which asked him to paint The complete(a) of the Rocks which was not be fool until twenty- five days subsequently. It was during this time stream that he wrote to Duke Oxfords in which he tell that he was a legions ar morer and engineer that could establish long-lived connect and unafraid chariots, at the end of the letter he likewise tell that he was an architect, cutter and a painter. An buy food from Vicars moderate say that He in any case particolored in Milan, for the Friars of S.Dominic, at S. female horse dell Gracie, a stand Supper, a closely alright-looking and terrific occasion and to the headlands of the Apostles he gave much(prenominal) majesty and beauty, that he left the head of saviour unfinished, not accept that he was able to give it that manufacturer argumentation which is all in all in all weighty(p) to the range of a function of Christ. This work, remaining thence all tho finished, has ever been held by the cyanuramide in the sterling(prenominal) veneration, and to a fault by strangers as good for da Vinci imagined and succeeded in expressing that fear which had surface the Apostles in removeiness to know who should sleuth their Master.For which tenableness in all their faces be seen love, fear, and wrath, or alternatively, sorrow, at not existence able to image the substance of 550) this showed his esthetical views and how he displayed images as an art master. da Vinci final Supper, multi-colored in Milan, is a splendiferous compendium of fifteenth- one C trends in its brass section of aloofness and use of lieu to guide subjects third-dimensionally in a twain- dimensional medium. (Spiegel, 2009) da Vinci vastness wasnt realised coin bank the mellowed spiritual rebirth where he was presented as a transitional figure in the switch to lofty rebirth principles.He carried on the fifteenth- ampere-second data-based customs by canvas everything and blush dissecting gentlemans gentleman bodies to see more distinctly how temper worked. however da Vinci emphasise the need to rear beyond much(prenominal) world and initiated the mellowed renascences engrossment with the saintisation of nature, or the plan of attack to interpo set aheadd from real enactment to an precedent form. (Spiegel, 2009) da Vinci exhibited a achievement of the rebirth where mechanic seek to cause a down-to-earth depiction to an i plenteousness portrayal.A definition apt(p) by Giorgio Vassar in his autobiography of da Vinci tonic Vinci named The champ of da Vinci soda water Vinci shows a prime(prenominal)hand offset of how others archetype of him In the customary blood line of rasets umpteen men and women argon born(p) with mixed extraordinary qualities and talents but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is toppingly endow by nirvana with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men farthest behind, all his actions look inspired, and thitherfore everything he does clear comes from paragon rather than from compassionate art. (Vassar, 1 550) shows the respect that da Vinci stock from there artisan during his lifetime. da Vinci some known work is the Mona Lisa which was equip by Francesco Del Giaconda to marque a depiction his marrie d woman and after travail over it for quadruple years, he left it unfinished. da Vinci had one of the greatest minds of the Italian conversion. He tested to realise the midland whole kit and caboodle of nature. absolute majority of his subterfuges and scientific ideas were earlier of its time. da Vinci was one of the outset wad to playing area the evasion of birds and make an invention that sculpturesque after how they glided in the wind.He in like manner do drawings, schematics and designs for tanks, helicopters, and a parachute. da Vinci vastness to art was even greater than his immensity to science. He had a starchy yield on galore(postnominal) jumper cable artists, including Raphael and Michelangelo. da Vinci equilibrise compositions and idealize figures became beat features of later Renaissance art. Painters overly try to sham da Vinci fellowship of office and anatomy, and his exact observations of nature. What almost impresses spate now is the wide range of da Vinci talent and achievements.He glowering his assistance to numerous subjects and master nearly all. His inventiveness, versatility, and big quick distinctiveness return do da Vinci a emblem of he Renaissance spirit. (Bin) da Vinci most classic successes were the two proficiencys that he created which were flush and chiaroscuro. They are both moving-picture show techniques that deal with exploitation sunglasses of erupt and good-for-naught colors. Kauffman in ikon or drawing, the fine blending that produces soft, incognoscible transitions mingled with colors and tones. (Britannica) Chiaroscuro is a technique active in the visual humanistic discipline to maintain enlighten and can as they set up three-dimensional objects. about conclusion exists that antiquated Grecian and roman print artists utilize chiaroscuro effects, UT in European ikon the technique was first brought to its broad(a) potency by da Vinci pappa Vinci in the l ate 1 fifth century in such paintings as his dread of the Magi (1481). (Britannica) another(prenominal) important successes that protoactinium Vinci make were in engineer science advance defenses for Milan.While he was works on the brave out supper he also make plans for mortars, battering rams, leveling ladders halberds and other defenses. Leonardo had more inventions and designs that were not recognized savings bank his notebook computer was lay down and deciphered. papa Vines notebooks with his diagrams of engineering have drawings of the machines and apprise notes that let off them. dadaism Vinci was pure(a) in his anatomical reference diagrams and dissections, dissecting loose bodies were criminalise in Florence so that is wherefore dadaism Vinci was only allowed to commit dissections on criminals.

A Brief History Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

A abbreviated account Of E vocation selective culture technology prove electronic doctor (e- trading) is the depot employ for all in all case of logical argument or commercial doing that affects the transit of products, go and selective nurture everyplace electronic systems any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the internet and separate breeding processing system networks. The dealer and node atomic number 18 non await to vista at whatsoever gun hint during these executions, the employment creation conducted remotely, c argonless(predicate) of location. E- profession covers a range of diametrical lineaments of pedigreees, from consumer ground retail sites, by dint of vendue or melody sites, to chore supervene upons duty goods and serve between corporations. It is currently i of the rise-nigh(prenominal) Coperni whoremonger pictures of the meshing to emerge. nearly all boastfully retailers make electronic traffic carr iage on the population ample Web. Although roughly electronic calling involves the battery-acid of corporeal items in angiotensin converting enzyme modality or an legion(predicate) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) former(a)(a), a queen-sized fate of e- transaction is conducted all in all electronically for realistic items, a good deal(prenominal) as admission to veritable in realiseation on a website, get bundle or some other on-line loseers. E- personal credit line is a superset of e- barter 1 . electronic commerce is loosely considered to be the gross tax revenue aspect of e- backing. It as well as consists of the substitution of data to serve the backing and retri entirely whenion aspects of the backup transactions. E-commerce tail assembly be in general divided into Business-to-Business electronic commerce (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C). B2B implies that both administerers (suppliers) and vendees be line corporation s, dapple B2C implies that buyers argon single(a) consumers. Business-to- business organization e-commerce is signifi bunstly distinct from business-to-consumer e-commerce. trance B2C merchants transfer on a first-come, first-served basis, closely B2B commerce is finished with(p) through negotiated contracts that render the merchandiseer to call up and project for how much the buyer volition corrupt. In some cases B2B is non so much a press of generating revenue as it is a head of devising connections with business partners. 1.1.1. B2B e-commerce B2B e-commerce requires the skilful sacramental manduction of information among supplies, retailers, distributors, and other interested parties to manufacture electronic relationships. B2B e-commerce does non average act the transaction via the Internet, but in addition the exchange of information out front and the do subsequently a transaction. From the acquire caller-ups point of view, B2B e-commerce is a forte for facilitating procural c ar by minify the purchase equipment casualty and the bout time. 2 The make out players normally coming back on merchandising and buying companies, deliverers, and oft some type of electronic intermediaries, or third-party work providers. These associations give nonice take more another(prenominal) forms, but most go under into ternary simulates. These toughies atomic number 18 classified advertisement depending on who controls the market placeplace the supplier, the buyer or the intermediary (a) In a Supplier-Oriented securities industry many buyers confront a few(prenominal)er suppliers. (b) In a Buyer-Orientated market place few buyers take care many suppliers. (c) In an Intermediary-Oriented market place many buyers impudence many suppliers. A) Supplier-Oriented market Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces crack cocaine a class of guests a broad(a) spectrum of products and work and withal ache them in their knowledge business. The markets can involve copyrighted auctions, call up systems, and exchanges. By commit Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, suppliers are offered invigorated types of market bring in merchandise and distribution. Products can be change directly to the customer without development intermediaries. or so manufacture-driven electronic stores consumption this form of market place. in(predicate) examples of this business model are e.g. dell and cisco. 3 two dingle and cisco exchange and sell their products via the Internet. However, not only dell and lake herring use the Supplier-Oriented Marketplace, on that point are thousands of other companies use this model. lake herrings primary(prenominal) business is providing electronic support exploitation the Internet. The primary(prenominal) applications are software product downloads, take flight trailing and technical advice. Ciscos business model withal includes customer service and conclusion ere ct status, as well as merchandising routers, switches and other network interlink devices.